Karl Whittle

Profile Information
Name
Karl Whittle
Institution
University of Liverpool
h-Index
ORCID
0000-0002-8000-0857
Expertise
Characterization, Radiation Damage
Presentations:
"Radiation Damage and Materials – Clearing up Unclear Processes" Karl Whittle, MRS 2018 November 25-30, (2018)
"Radiation Damage and Materials – Clearing up Unclear Processes" Karl Whittle, Microscopy of Irradiation Damage March 21-23, (2018)
"Radiation Effects in Binary Carbides" Karl Whittle, Philip Edmondson, MRS 2018 November 25-30, (2018)
"Radiation Effects in Binary Carbides" Karl Whittle, Philip Edmondson, MS&T 2018 October 14-18, (2018)
Additional Publications:
"Impact of copper(II) on activation product removal from reactor decommissioning effluents in South Korea" S.E. Pepper, A.L. Riley, L.M. Harwood, J. Cowell, K.R. Whittle, T.S. Lee, M.D. Ogden, J.T.M. Amphlett, [2020] Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.10.022
"Comparison of a new mass-concentration, chain-reaction model with the population-balance model for early- and late-stage aggregation of shattered graphene oxide nanoparticles" Jonathan Bridge, Tanapon Phenrat, Fritjof Fagerlund, Ruey-an Doong, Karl R Whittle, Peyman Babakhani, [2019] Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123862
"Resistance to amorphisation in Ca1-xLa2x/3TiO3 perovskites – a bulk ion-irradiation study" Neil C. Hyatt, Karl R. Whittle, Amy S. Gandy, Sebastian M. Lawson, [2019] Acta Materialia · DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.09.006 · EID: 2-s2.0-85072211264
"In-situ irradiation of Ca1-xLa2/3xTiO3 defect perovskites: The role of vacancies in recovery" Massey de los Reyes, Robert D. Aughterson, Mark G. Blackford, Katherine L. Smith, Peter Baldo, Edward P. Ryan, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, [2018] Materialia · DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2018.08.016
"17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy of A2B2O7 oxides: Quantitative isotopic enrichment and spectral acquisition?" Robert F. Moran, Scott Sneddon, Daniel M. Dawson, David McKay, Giulia P. M. Bignami, Frédéric Blanc, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Arantxa Fernandes, [2018] RSC Advances · DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00596f · EID: 2-s2.0-85042194377

Investigation of the conditions required for quantitative isotopic enrichment and the acquisition of quantitative17O NMR spectra of ceramic oxides.

"Aggregation and sedimentation of shattered graphene oxide nanoparticles in dynamic environments: a solid-body rotational approach" Jonathan Bridge, Tanapon Phenrat, Ruey-an Doong, Karl R. Whittle, Peyman Babakhani, [2018] Environmental Science: Nano · DOI: 10.1039/c8en00443a

Nanoparticle (NP) aggregation is typically investigated in either quiescent or turbulent mixing conditions; neither is fully representative of dynamic natural environments.

"Cobalt and nickel uptake by silica-based extractants" Karl R. Whittle, Laurence M. Harwood, Joseph Cowell, Taek Seung Lee, Mark D. Ogden, Sarah E. Pepper, [2018] Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia) · DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1405034 · EID: 2-s2.0-85038624133
"Synthesis of Prussian blue-embedded porous polymer for detection and removal of Cs ions" Young Jin Gwon, Jongho Kim, Geunseok Jang, Sarah E. Pepper, Mark D. Ogden, Karl R. Whittle, Laurence M. Harwood, Taek Seung Lee, Ho Namgung, [2018] Polymer · DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.001 · EID: 2-s2.0-85057191222
"Using Machine Learning To Identify Factors That Govern Amorphization of Irradiated Pyrochlores" Karl R. Whittle, Chao Jiang, Robin W. Grimes, Christopher R. Stanek, Kurt E. Sickafus, Blas Pedro Uberuaga, Ghanshyam Pilania, [2017] Chemistry of Materials · DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04666
"On a long term strategy for the success of nuclear power" Dzianis Litskevich, Karl R. Whittle, Mark Bankhead, Richard J. Taylor, Dan Mathers, Bruno Merk, [2017] Energies · DOI: 10.3390/en10070867 · EID: 2-s2.0-85025456069

The current generation of nuclear reactors are evolutionary in design, mostly based on the technology originally designed to power submarines, and dominated by light water reactors. The aims of the Generation IV consortium are driven by sustainability, safety and reliability, economics, and proliferation resistance. The aims are extended here to encompass the ultimate and universal vision for strategic development of energy production, the “perpetuum mobile”—at least as close as possible. We propose to rethink nuclear reactor design with the mission to develop an innovative system which uses no fresh resources and produces no fresh waste during operation as well as generates power safe and reliably in economic way. The results of the innovative simulations presented here demonstrate that, from a theoretical perspective, it is feasible to fulfil the mission through the direct reuse of spent nuclear fuel from currently operating reactors as the fuel for a proposed new reactor. The produced waste is less burdensome than current spent nuclear fuel which is used as feed to the system. However, safety, reliability and operational economics will need to be demonstrated to create the basis for the long term success of nuclear reactors as a major carbon free, sustainable, and applied highly reliable energy source.

"Characterization of Ordering in A-Site Deficient Perovskite Ca1-xLa2x/3TiO3 Using STEM/EELS" Demie Kepaptsoglou, Quentin M. Ramasse, Colin Ophus, Karl R. Whittle, Sebastian M. Lawson, Stella Pedrazzini, Neil P. Young, Paul A. J. Bagot, Philip D. Edmondson, Mohsen Danaie, [2016] Inorganic Chemistry · DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02087 · EID: 2-s2.0-84990068193
"Nuclear materials science" Karl Whittle, [2016] Nuclear materials science · DOI: 10.1088/978-0-7503-1104-5 · EID: 2-s2.0-85040031668
"Phase composition and disorder in La2(Sn,Ti)2O7 ceramics: New insights from NMR crystallography" David McKay, Scott Sneddon, Daniel M. Dawson, Sebastian Lawson, Richard Veazey, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Arantxa Fernandes, [2016] Journal of Physical Chemistry C · DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06962 · EID: 2-s2.0-84987943307
"The influence of crystal structure on ion-irradiation tolerance in the Sm(x)Yb(2-x)TiO5 series" G.R. Lumpkin, M. de los Reyes, B. Gault, P. Baldo, E. Ryan, K.R. Whittle, K.L. Smith, J.M. Cairney, R.D. Aughterson, [2016] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.036 · EID: 2-s2.0-84961864571
"Editorial" P.D. Edmondson, K.R. Whittle, [2015] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.05.011 · EID: 2-s2.0-84931275439
"Ion-irradiation resistance of the orthorhombic Ln(2)TiO(5) (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) series" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Mihail Ionescu, Massey de los Reyes, Baptiste Gault, Karl R. Whittle, Katherine L. Smith, Julie M. Cairney, Robert D. Aughterson, [2015] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.10.028
"Ion-irradiation resistance of the orthorhombic Ln2TiO5 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) series" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Mihail Ionescu, Massey de los Reyes, Baptiste Gault, Karl R. Whittle, Katherine L. Smith, Julie M. Cairney, Robert D. Aughterson, [2015] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.10.028 · EID: 2-s2.0-84946752471
"New insights into phase distribution, phase composition and disorder in Y-2(Zr,Sn)(2)O-7 ceramics from NMR spectroscopy" Martin R. Mitchell, Scott Sneddon, Robert F. Moran, Massey de los Reyes, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, [2015] Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05827e

The use of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to provide new insight into the composition and atomic-scale disorder in pyrochlore-based ceramics produces a very different picture to that obtained using other techniques.

"Radiation effects in Zr and Hf containing garnets" Mark G. Blackford, Katherine L. Smith, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Matthew Weyland, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, [2015] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.02.007 · EID: 2-s2.0-84930928650
"Density and structural effects in the radiation tolerance of TiO 2 polymorphs" E Y Kuo, K R Whittle, S C Middleburgh, M Robinson, N A Marks, G R Lumpkin, M J Qin, [2013] Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/35/355402 · EID: 2-s2.0-84881534375
"Electron backscatter diffraction characterization of plasma immersion ion implantation effects in stainless steel" Ken Short, Richard Wuhrer, Matthew R. Phillips, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, Joel Davis, [2013] Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2012.10.007 · EID: 2-s2.0-84871802139
"Technetium and ruthenium incorporation into rutile TiO2" M.J. Qin, G.J. Thorogood, K.R. Whittle, G.R. Lumpkin, S.C. Middleburgh, E.Y. Kuo, [2013] Journal of Nuclear Materials · DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.022 · EID: 2-s2.0-84880382951
"The pyrochlore to defect fluorite phase transition in Y2Sn 2-xZrxO7" Karl R. Whittle, Zhaoming Zhang, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Martin R. Mitchell, Ling-Yun Jang, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Massey de los Reyes, [2013] RSC Advances · DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22704a · EID: 2-s2.0-84878049164
"Combined neutron and X-ray diffraction determination of disorder in doped zirconolite-2M" N. C. Hyatt, K. L. Smith, I. Margiolaki, F. J. Berry, K. S. Knight, G. R. Lumpkin, K. R. Whittle, [2012] American Mineralogist · DOI: 10.2138/am.2012.3848 · EID: 2-s2.0-84863403158
"Exploiting the chemical shielding anisotropy to probe structure and disorder in ceramics: 89Y MAS NMR and first-principles calculations" Diego Carnevale, Robin Orr, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Martin R. Mitchell, [2012] Journal of Physical Chemistry C · DOI: 10.1021/jp2105133 · EID: 2-s2.0-84857417026
"Radiation damage of II, III, IV, V pyrochlores - CaLnZrNbO7" Massey de los Reyes, Yan Gao, Mark G. Blackford, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, [2012] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.634 · EID: 2-s2.0-84875482746
ABSTRACT

Pyrochlores based on the general composition CaLnZrNbO7 (where Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd and Ho) have been prepared, and irradiated through the crystalline-amorphous transition, with 1 MeV Kr ions at the IVEM-TANDEM user facility. The obtained critical temperatures show a decrease from La to Gd (∼680 K to ∼230 K), with Ho being resistant to amorphisation at 50K. The results suggest that the amorphisation cross section for these materials is directly related to the Ln component.

"Systematic calculation of threshold displacement energies: Case study in rutile" N. A. Marks, K. R. Whittle, G. R. Lumpkin, M. Robinson, [2012] Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics · DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.85.104105 · EID: 2-s2.0-84858018656
"The role of Sn, Zr and Hf in the radiation damage in II, III, IV and V pyrochlores" Massey de los Reyes, Mark G. Blackford, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, [2012] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.519 · EID: 2-s2.0-84864880181
ABSTRACT

Ceramics based on the general compositions CaLnXNbO7 (where Ln = La, Nd and Sm, and X=Zr and Sn) have been prepared, and irradiated with 1 MeV Kr ions at the IVEM-TANDEM user facility. The radiation tolerance of these materials has been found to be less than Zr and Hf equivalents. The results also suggest that the amorphisation cross section for these materials is related to the Ln component, and is similar to those observed for Zr and Hf equivalents.

"119Sn MAS NMR and first-principles calculations for the investigation of disorder in stannate pyrochlores" Simon W. Reader, Karen E. Johnston, Chris J. Pickard, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Martin R. Mitchell, [2011] Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01274b · EID: 2-s2.0-79960281281
"Ion irradiation of novel yttrium/ytterbium-based pyrochlores: The effect of disorder" Mark G. Blackford, Robert D. Aughterson, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Karl R. Whittle, [2011] Acta Materialia · DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.09.021 · EID: 2-s2.0-80053980127
"Ion beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the series La 2O3-TiO2" [2010] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-78650863663
"Ion irradiation of the TiO2 polymorphs and cassiterite" M. G. Blackford, K. L. Smith, K. R. Whittle, N. J. Zaluzec, E. A. Ryan, P. Baldo, G. R. Lumpkin, [2010] American Mineralogist · DOI: 10.2138/am.2010.3329 · EID: 2-s2.0-77249084341
"Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La 2O3Al2O3 and La2O 3TiO2" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Mark G. Blackford, Robert D. Aughterson, Katherine L. Smith, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Karl R. Whittle, [2010] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.07.033 · EID: 2-s2.0-77957306032
"Ionisation efficiency improvements for AMS measurement of actinides" M.A.C. Hotchkis, K. Whittle, B. Zorko, D.P. Child, [2010] Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.039 · EID: 2-s2.0-77949908940
"Mechanisms of radiation damage and properties of nuclear materials" [2010] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-78649261122
"Radiation tolerance of Mn+1AXn phases, Ti 3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2" M.G. Blackford, R.D. Aughterson, S. Moricca, G.R. Lumpkin, D.P. Riley, N.J. Zaluzec, K.R. Whittle, [2010] Acta Materialia · DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.04.029 · EID: 2-s2.0-79953315832
"A model for electron scattering in irradiated pyrochlore-fluorite systems" MG Blackford, KL Smith, KR Whittle, NJ Zaluzec, GR Lumpkin, [2009] Microscopy and Microanalysis · DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609092836 · EID: 2-s2.0-69949145474

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009

"Cation disorder in pyrochlore ceramics: 89Y MAS NMR and first-principles calculations" Martin R. Mitchell, Karen E. Johnston, Chris J. Pickard, Karl R. Whittle, Sharon E. Ashbrook, Simon W. Reader, [2009] Journal of Physical Chemistry C · DOI: 10.1021/jp906764e · EID: 2-s2.0-70449574189
"Experimental and atomistic modelling study of ion irradiation damage in thin crystals of the TiO2 polymorphs" [2009] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-70449396720
"In situ radiation damage studies of Ca3Zr 2FeAlSiO12 and Ca3Hf2FeAlSiO 12" [2009] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-70449382234
"Ion irradiation of ternary pyrochlore oxides" Katherine L. Smith, Mark G. Blackford, Karl R. Whittle, Elizabeth J. Harvey, Simon A. T. Redfern, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, [2009] Chemistry of Materials · DOI: 10.1021/cm9003917 · EID: 2-s2.0-67650658817
"Lanthanum pyrochlores and the effect of yttrium addition in the systems La2-xYxZr2O7 and La2-xYxHf2O7" Lachlan M.D. Cranswick, Simon A.T. Redfern, Ian P. Swainson, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Karl R. Whittle, [2009] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2008.11.008 · EID: 2-s2.0-60849083796
"Optimization of synthesis of the solid solution, Pb(Zr1-x Tix)O3 on a single substrate using a high-throughput modified molecular-beam epitaxy technique" S. Guerin, B.E. Hayden, Y. Han, M. Pasha, K.R. Whittle, I.M. Reaney, P.S. Anderson, [2009] Journal of Materials Research · DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2009.0008 · EID: 2-s2.0-61749102021

Synthesis of Pb(Zr1–xTix)O3 (PZT) on a single substrate using a high-throughput molecular-beam epitaxy technique was demonstrated. In situ synthesis of crystalline PZT at elevated substrate temperatures could not be achieved, as reevaporation of Pb (PbO) occurred and the partial pressure of O2 was insufficient to prevent formation of a PbPtx phase during deposition. Instead, ex situ postdeposition annealing was performed on PZT deposited at room temperature. Dense single phase PZT was prepared with a compositional range of 0.1 > x > 0.9, for film thicknesses up to 800 nm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased from 50 nm to ∼0.5 μm with increasing Zr-concentration and became more columnar. Raman, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy results revealed a morphotropic phase boundary between rhombohedral and tetragonal phases occurred at x ∼0.4 rather than at x = 0.47 in bulk ceramics. This was attributed to clamping arising from mismatch in thermal expansion between the film and substrate.

"Radiation damage in materials - Effects of disorder" [2009] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-77951669593
"Electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements of amorphization of polymorphs of TiO2 induced by ion irradiation" KL Smith, GR Lumpkin, MG Blackford, KR Whittle, NJ Zaluzec, [2008] Microscopy and Microanalysis · DOI: 10.1017/s1431927608083979 · EID: 2-s2.0-49549100470

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008

"Experimental and atomistic modeling study of ion irradiation damage in thin crystals of the TiO2 polymorphs" Katherine L. Smith, Mark G. Blackford, Bronwyn S. Thomas, Karl R. Whittle, Nigel A. Marks, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, [2008] Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics · DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.77.214201 · EID: 2-s2.0-45349085247
"Ion irradiation of ternary pyrochlores" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-77952045796
"Neutron and resonant X-ray diffraction studies of zirconolite-2M" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-55349103762
"On the characterisatiopn of order-disorder in ion-irradiated pyrochlore compounds by electron scattering methods" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-77952031126
"Phase transitions in lanthanum-doped strontium bismuth tantalate" Neil C. Hyatt, Ian M. Reaney, Karl R. Whittle, [2008] Chemistry of Materials · DOI: 10.1021/cm800475z · EID: 2-s2.0-55849109275
"Pyrochlore to fluorite transitions - Ordering in fluorites?" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-77952048734
"Synthesis and characterisation of Ln2TiO5 compounds" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-55349149008
"Synthesis of the ferroelectric solid solution, Pb(Zr1-xTi x)O3 on a single substrate using a modified molecular beam epitaxy technique" [2008] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-70350332206
"In situ Raman spectroscopy of A -site doped barium titanate" H. Zheng, O. P. Thakur, A. Feteira, K. R. Whittle, D. C. Sinclair, I. M. Reaney, U. M. Pasha, [2007] Applied Physics Letters · DOI: 10.1063/1.2768881 · EID: 2-s2.0-34547842570

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the ferroelectric tetragonal to paraelectric cubic phase transition Tc in undoped BaTiO3 (BT) and (Ba0.92A0.08)TiO3 [where A=Ca (BCT), Sr (BST), and Pb (BPT)]. In BT and BPT, mode characteristic of the tetragonal phase at 303 and 710cm−1 persisted until >50°C above Tc, indicating the presence of local dynamic polar clusters well above the displacive phase transitions, ∼120 and ∼149°C, respectively. However, in BCT and BST, the Raman spectra exhibited only broad second order bands above Tc, suggesting that Ca and Sr, A-site dopants supress local dynamic polar clusters.

"Nature of the chemical bond and prediction of radiation tolerance in pyrochlore and defect fluorite compounds" Miguel Pruneda, Susana Rios, Katherine L. Smith, Kostya Trachenko, Karl R. Whittle, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Gregory R. Lumpkin, [2007] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.028 · EID: 2-s2.0-34247364046
"Radiation tolerance of A2Ti2O7 materials-A question of bonding?" [2007] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-41549156602
"Structures and phase diagram for the system CaTiO3-La2/3TiO3" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Christopher J. Howard, Kevin S. Knight, Karl R. Whittle, Keiichi Osaka, Zhaoming Zhang, [2007] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2007.01.005 · EID: 2-s2.0-33947215961
"Synthesis of the ferroelectric solid solution, Pb (Zr1-x Tix) O3 on a single substrate using a modified molecular beam epitaxy technique" S. Guerin, B. E. Hayden, M. A. Khan, A. J. Bell, Y. Han, M. Pasha, K. R. Whittle, I. M. Reaney, P. S. Anderson, [2007] Applied Physics Letters · DOI: 10.1063/1.2738191 · EID: 2-s2.0-34249060357

High-throughput synthesis of the ferroelectric solid solution Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 (PZT) on single Pt∕Ti∕SiO2∕Si substrates was demonstrated using a modified molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. The PZT films exhibited a phase transition from rhombohehdral to tetragonal symmetry as a function of Zr:Ti ratio, across the substrate diagonal. This was consistent with the presence of a morphotropic phase boundary at Zr:Ti ratio of 0.64:0.36, different from the value of 0.53:0.47 observed for bulk ceramics. All points on the films exhibited ferroelectric hysteresis. Results demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput MBE for deposition of complex ferroelectric oxides, and pave the way for further materials discovery.

"Synthesis of the ferroelectric solid solution, Pb(Zr1-xTi x)O3 on a single substrate using a modified molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique" S. Guerin, B. E. Hayden, M. A. Khan, A. J. Bell, Y. Han, M. Pasha, K. R. Whittle, I. M. Reaney, P. S. Anderson, [2007] IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics · DOI: 10.1109/isaf.2007.4393200 · EID: 2-s2.0-51349152449
"The effect of caesium on barium hollandites studied by neutron diffraction and magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance" Sharon E. Ashbrook, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Ian Farnan, Ronald I. Smith, Simon A. T. Redfern, Karl R. Whittle, [2007] Journal of Materials Science · DOI: 10.1007/s10853-007-1815-3 · EID: 2-s2.0-34548538851
"The structure and ordering of zirconium and hafnium containing garnets studied by electron channelling, neutron diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Frank J. Berry, Gordon Oates, Katherine L. Smith, Sergey Yudintsev, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Karl R. Whittle, [2007] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.12.006 · EID: 2-s2.0-33846701300
"89y magic-angle spinning NMR of y2Ti 2-xSnxO7 pyrochlores" Karl R. Whittle, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Ian Farnan, Sharon E. Ashbrook, [2006] Journal of Physical Chemistry B · DOI: 10.1021/jp060844q · EID: 2-s2.0-33745442242
"Crystal chemistry and cation ordering in zirconolite 2M" [2006] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-33746031823
"Neutron diffraction and MAS NMR of cesium tungstate defect pyrochlores" G.R. Lumpkin, S.E. Ashbrook, K.R. Whittle, [2006] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.11.011 · EID: 2-s2.0-31044448665
"Radiation damage in pyrochlore and related compounds" [2006] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-33746089906
"Radiation tolerance of A2B2O7 compounds at the cubic-monclinic boundary" MG Blackford, GR Lumpkin, K Whittle, NJ Zaluzec, KL Smith, [2006] Microscopy and Microanalysis · DOI: 10.1017/s143192760606764x · EID: 2-s2.0-33750864917

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005

"Disorder and dynamics in pollucite from133Cs and27Al NMR" Karl R. Whittle, Laurent Le Pollès, Ian Farnan, Sharon E. Ashbrook, [2005] Journal of the American Ceramic Society · DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00294.x · EID: 2-s2.0-27644540910

Pollucite, CsAlSi2O6, a Cs polymorph of leucite (KAlSi2O6), has been proposed for ceramic immobilization of 135Cs and 137Cs fission products. 133Cs NMR of both low‐ (tetragonal) and high‐temperature (cubic) forms of pollucite exhibit a considerable distribution of local Cs environments. 29Si and 27Al NMR data from directly prepared pollucite show greater Al/Si disorder than either leucite, or pollucite produced by ion exchange. Little evidence for Cs motion is observed in tetragonal or cubic pollucite, and only at high temperatures (∼850°C) is any substantial dynamic behavior detected. Dynamic NMR lineshape calculations allow a determination of the frequency of Cs motion and diffusivity.

"Iron-57 Mössbauer spectroscopy study of phases in the CaZrTi 2-2xNbxFexO7 zirconolite system" Gregory R. Lumpkin, Gordon Oates, Karl R. Whittle, Frank J. Berry, [2005] Hyperfine Interactions · DOI: 10.1007/s10751-006-9316-3 · EID: 2-s2.0-33845769315
"On the nanostructure of radiation-amorphized zircon and pyrochlores: A small-angle x-ray scattering study" Christopher M. Martin, Karl R. Whittle, Susana Ríos, [2005] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie · DOI: 10.1524/zkri.220.8.748.67082 · EID: 2-s2.0-22444432519
Abstract

Nanoscale structural features of amorphous zircon and pyrochlore produced by self-irradiation induced amorphization have been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Electron density fluctuations were observed in the untreated samples and studied as a function of annealing temperature (up to 1300 °C). In untreated zircon, density fluctuations were found to have a characteristic length-scale of approximately 1 nanometer diameter. A clear scattering maximum develops at ∼3 nm–1 as a function of the degree of damage, but only for amorphous fractions higher than 70%. For the untreated pyrochlore sample such a strong signal was not observed in the scattering function. As annealing temperature increases, phase segregation is observed in zircon with a clear nucleation at 850 °C of zirconia grains. The SAXS contribution, however, points towards a lower nucleation temperature, ca. 700 °C. In the pyrochlore structure, at temperatures as low as 300 °C the appearance of a first crystalline phase, Ca2Nb2O7, is observed, with the subsequent crystallization of TiO2 at 800 °C. Observed electron density variations are compared between the two structures and discussed in terms of nanoscale phase segregation phenomena.

"Phase transitions in BaTiO3: A high-pressure neutron diffraction study" Simon A. T. Redfern, Howard J. Stone, Matthew G. Tucker, Karl R. Whittle, William G. Marshall, Stuart A. Hayward, [2005] Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie · DOI: 10.1524/zkri.220.8.735.67077 · EID: 2-s2.0-22444439290
Abstract

The sequence of ferroelectric phase transitions (PmmP4mmAmm2) in BaTiO3 has been studied as a function of temperature (298 K–130 K) at a fixed pressure (3.2 GPa). The same sequence of transitions is observed as for ambient pressures, but the transition temperatures are reduced. The spontaneous strains of the non-cubic phases are determined. Whilst the structure of the tetragonal phase at high pressure is qualitatively similar to the ambient structure, both the spontaneous strain and the Ti displacement are smaller in the high pressure structure than the ambient structure.

"Solid solubilities of (La Nd,)2(Zr,Ti)2O7 phases deduced by neutron diffraction" Karl R. Whittle, Gregory R. Lumpkin, Ronald I. Smith, Simon A.T. Redfern, Elizabeth J. Harvey, [2005] Journal of Solid State Chemistry · DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2004.12.030 · EID: 2-s2.0-17744384928
"Structural studies of hollandite-based radioactive waste forms" [2004] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-12844282242
"Temperature dependence of ion irradiation damage in the pyrochlores La 2Zr2O7 and La2Hf2O 7" Karl R Whittle, Susana Rios, Katherine L Smith, Nestor J Zaluzec, Gregory R Lumpkin, [2004] Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/16/47/009 · EID: 2-s2.0-10244235408
"The effect of CS on the structural properties of barium titanate hollandites" [2004] Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings · EID: 2-s2.0-14944366862
"A determination of the electronic conductivity of aerodynamically levitated high temperature liquid metals and semiconductors by contactless methods" K.R Whittle, J.E Enderby, A.C Barnes, [2002] Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids · DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3093(02)01690-3 · EID: 2-s2.0-0036788040
"Quasielastic neutron scattering study of silver selenium halides" K.R. Whittle, W.S. Howells, A.C. Barnes, A.G. Major, [2002] Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing · DOI: 10.1007/s003390201691 · EID: 2-s2.0-0037004619
"A determination of the structure of liquid Ga2Te3 using combined X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution" A. C. BARNES, K. R. WHITTLE, M. A. HAMILTON, A. N. FITCH, H. E. FISCHER, P. BUCHANAN, [2001] Molecular Physics · DOI: 10.1080/00268970010013382 · EID: 2-s2.0-0035918617
"Preparation and characterization of rare earth-doped strontium hexaferrites Sr1-xMxFe12O19(M = La, Eu)" J. F. Marco, C. B. Ponton, K. R. Whittle, F. J. Berry, [2001] Journal of Materials Science Letters · DOI: 10.1023/a:1010950430100 · EID: 2-s2.0-0035961138
"Formation of iron-doped mullite (Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x) by temperature- and time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction and EXAFS, and by 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy" Robert L Bilsborrow, Andrew J Dent, Michael Mortimer, Clive B Ponton, Beatrice J Purser, Karl R Whittle, Frank J Berry, [1999] Polyhedron · DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(98)00398-2 · EID: 2-s2.0-0040912570
"The chemistry of the Hispanic-American amalgamation process" [1999] Journal of the Chemical Society - Dalton Transactions · EID: 2-s2.0-33748809818
Source: ORCID/CrossRef using DOI